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Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that in the first decade of this century the incidence of gestational diabetes (GDM) in pregnancy rose worldwide. In the Cambridge Baby Growth Study cohort we observed that this temporal trend was associated with an index of multiple deprivation and reductions in indices of insulin secretion. Deprivation level was not directly associated with GDM, suggesting that the temporal trend may relate more to other factors linked to it, such as dietary composition. In this study we investigated temporal trends in perceived food intake frequencies, derived from a qualitative, short questionnaire, in 865 pregnant Cambridge Baby Growth Study (CBGS) recruits. A number of food frequency ranks showed both temporal trends and associations with GDM, but of note is the frequency of egg consumption (negative temporal trend p = 0.03, slope = −6.2 ranks/year; negative association with GDM p = 3.0 × 10−8, slope = −0.002 increased risk/rank) as it was also positively associated with the insulin disposition index (p = 1.17 × 10−3, slope = 0.42 ranks. L/mmoL). These results are consistent with a potential protective effect of factors related to the frequency of egg consumption in pregnancy. Such factors may have contributed to the observed temporal trend in GDM risk but the overall detectable effect appears to have been small.
Highlights
Prevalence rates of gestational diabetes (GDM), traditionally defined as any form of glucose intolerance first recognised in pregnancy [1], are rising worldwide [2]
Those women included in the present analysis tended to be representative of the Cambridge Baby Growth Study (CBGS) cohort, albeit that on average they gave birth around 2 days later than those not included in the study, were more likely to have been nulliparous and were less likely to have smoked in pregnancy (Table 1)
In this study we observed a number of significant associations between perceived food intake frequencies and both year of analysis and GDM in the CBGS
Summary
Prevalence rates of gestational diabetes (GDM), traditionally defined as any form of glucose intolerance first recognised in pregnancy [1], are rising worldwide [2]. A trial where the intervention group ate a Mediterranean diet supplemented with olive oil and pistachio nuts led to a relative risk for GDM of. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2822; doi:10.3390/nu11112822 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients (non-trial) situation [7]. Consumption of this diet was associated with a reduced risk of other adverse effects of pregnancy [8]. In another study adherence to diet with a high alternate healthy eating index [9], a measure of diet quality that assesses conformance to federal dietary guidance, led to a reduction in GDM risk of 19–46% in a different population. In meta-analyses of studies assessing the effect of physical activity in more than 30,000 pregnancies, exercise regimes showed a reduction in GDM odds in women engaging in any type of pre-pregnancy physical activity
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