Temporal Trends in Coronary Angiography and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Insights From the VA Clinical Assessment, Reporting, and Tracking Program

Abstract

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate temporal trends in characteristics and outcomes among patients referred for invasive coronary procedures within a national health care system for veterans. BackgroundCoronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention remain instrumental diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for coronary artery disease. MethodsAll coronary angiographic studies and interventions performed in U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs cardiac catheterization laboratories for fiscal years 2009 through 2015 were identified. The demographic characteristics and management of these patients were stratified by time. Clinical outcomes including readmission (30-day) and mortality were assessed across years. ResultsFrom 2009 to 2015, 194,476 coronary angiographic examinations and 85,024 interventions were performed at Veterans Affairs facilities. The median numbers of angiographic studies (p = 0.81) and interventions (p = 0.22) remained constant over time. Patients undergoing these procedures were progressively older, with more comorbidities, as the proportion classified as having high Framingham risk significantly increased among those undergoing angiography (from 20% to 25%; p < 0.001) and intervention (from 24% to 32%; p < 0.001). Similarly, the median National Cardiovascular Data Registry CathPCI risk score increased for diagnostic (from 14 to 15; p = 0.005) and interventional (from 14 to 18; p = 0.002) procedures. Post-procedural medical management was unchanged over time, although there was increasing adoption of transradial access for diagnostic (from 6% to 36%; p < 0.001) and interventional (from 5% to 32%; p < 0.001) procedures. Complications and clinical outcomes also remained constant, with a trend toward a reduction in the adjusted hazard ratio for percutaneous coronary intervention mortality (hazard ratio: 0.983; 95% confidence interval: 0.967 to 1.000). ConclusionsVeterans undergoing invasive coronary procedures have had increasing medical complexity over time, without attendant increases in mortality among those receiving interventions. As the Department of Veterans Affairs moves toward a mix of integrated and community-based care, it will be important to account for these demographic shifts so that quality can be maintained.