Abstract
We analyzed the temporal trends and significant changes in apparent energy and macronutrient intakes in the Bangladeshi diet from 1961 to 2017. Due to the lack of a long-running national dietary intake dataset, this study used the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)’s old and new food balance sheet dataset. We used the joinpoint regression model and jump model to analyze the temporal trends in apparent energy and macronutrient intakes. The annual percentage change (APC) was computed for each segment of the trends. Bangladesh has experienced a late energy revolution in their dietary history. During the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, Bangladesh was suffering from substantive calorie deficits, where in apparent energy intake was less than 2200 kcal/day/person. Since the late 1990s, Bangladesh has made significant progress in raising the apparent energy consumption in the diet. Since the late 1970s, apparent fat intake started to increase significantly at a marked rate (APC = 2.16), whereas since the early 1990s, protein intake increased significantly by 1.33% per year. Plant sources have mostly governed the protein and fat intake trends in the Bangladeshi diet since 1960, whereas animal sources began to contribute significantly in protein intake since 1990 (APC = 3.43) and in fat intake since 2000 (APC = 2.88). Bangladesh overcame the substantive calorie deficit condition in the diet from the late 1990s. Excessive carbohydrate intake along with imbalanced and low-quality protein and fat intakes have been the central features in the diet in Bangladesh.
Highlights
Food consumption is the key variable to measure and evaluate the evolution of the worldwide food situation
We found that the introduction of new food balance sheets (FBSs) causes an increase or jump in apparent energy and carbohydrate intake values by only 3%, whereas for apparent protein (CR = 1.01) and fat (CR = 0.98) intakes, the effects are almost same and in marginal quantity
We revealed the temporal trends in apparent energy and macronutrient intake in the diet in Bangladesh from 1961 to 2017, the largest historical analysis of the apparent intake data in Bangladesh to date
Summary
Food consumption is the key variable to measure and evaluate the evolution of the worldwide food situation. The nutrition transition can be defined as changes in per capita energy supplies. Today’s per capita energy availability compared to that of past centuries shows an almost universal trend toward higher availability levels [2]. Developing countries are experiencing a rapid nutrition transition together with the existence of the double burden of disease [4]. Bangladesh has experienced declines in the proportion of stunted and underweight children and the percent of households with ultra and extreme poor [5], double burden of diseases have emerged as a major public health problem. About 61% of the total burden of disease in Bangladesh is accounted for by DR-NCDs, premature death, disability, and life lost due to ill health [6]
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