Abstract
Pathogenic infection on plants may affect interactions of host-plants with their herbivores, as well as the herbivores with their predators. In this study, the effects of infection by pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), which causes a vascular disease in rice, on rice plants and consequent interactions with a rice herbivore, brown rice planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens, and its major predator, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, were investigated. The results showed that the rice plants exhibited increased resistance to BPH only at 3 d post-inoculation of Xoo, while the Xoo infection did not affect the development and fecundity of BPH. BPH exhibited a higher preference to Xoo infected rice plants, whereas C. lividipennis preferred the Xoo infected rice plants after BPH fed, but preferred healthy rice plants without BPH fed. Volatile organic compounds emitted from Xoo rice were significantly higher than those from healthy rice plants, Xoo infection on BPH fed plants caused rice plants to emit more the herbivore-induced plant volatiles, while all of these changes correlated to the temporal dimension. These results demonstrated that Xoo infection significantly influenced the interactions of rice plants with two non-vectors, BPH and its predator, although these effects exhibited in a temporal pattern after infection.
Highlights
In nature, plants are attacked by a multitude of predators, including herbivorous arthropods and plant pathogens[1,2]
In this study we investigated the temporal change of preferences of brown planthopper (BPH) and its major predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter and BPH performance in rice plants after Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) infection at different stages of infection (1–5 d, 10 d and 15 d)
We investigated whether the infection of pathogen Xoo could affect the performance and preference of BPH as well as the preference of its predator C. lividipennis, at 1 d, 3 d, 5 d, 10 d, 15 d post-infection
Summary
Plants are attacked by a multitude of predators, including herbivorous arthropods and plant pathogens[1,2]. Herbivore species respond differently to infection of plant pathogens; pathogen attack can result in complicated effects on insect communities of the host plant[9,15,16]. The herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), which are considered to be an important ecology function of attracting the herbivores’ natural enemies[16,18], and could be affected by plant pathogens infection. Damage inflicted by herbivorous insects induces chemical and physiological changes in plants, which affects the pathogen infection. A temporal scale experiment showed that P. versicolora avoided feeding on leaf tissue of the willow hybrid Salix x cuspidate with rust fungus M. allii-fragilis infection; infected leaves were avoided at all the times tested (at 8, 12, and 16 days after infection), whereas symptom-free leaves were only avoided at 16 days after infection[28]. Research of the impacts of pathogen attacking of plant on herbivore communities on the temporal scale can help us to gain insight into the interactions between pathogens and herbivores and, is useful for protecting plants of economic value from herbivorous pests[9,29]
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