Temporal dynamics of top predators interactions in the Barents Sea.

Joël M Durant,Andrey Dolgov,Natalia G Nikolaeva,Ulf Lindstrøm,Yuri V Krasnov,Mette Skern-Mauritzen,Brian R Mackenzie

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110933

Abstract

The Barents Sea system is often depicted as a simple food web in terms of number of dominant feeding links. The most conspicuous feeding link is between the Northeast Arctic cod Gadus morhua, the world's largest cod stock which is presently at a historical high level, and capelin Mallotus villosus. The system also holds diverse seabird and marine mammal communities. Previous diet studies may suggest that these top predators (cod, bird and sea mammals) compete for food particularly with respect to pelagic fish such as capelin and juvenile herring (Clupea harengus), and krill. In this paper we explored the diet of some Barents Sea top predators (cod, Black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla, Common guillemot Uria aalge, and Minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata). We developed a GAM modelling approach to analyse the temporal variation diet composition within and between predators, to explore intra- and inter-specific interactions. The GAM models demonstrated that the seabird diet is temperature dependent while the diet of Minke whale and cod is prey dependent; Minke whale and cod diets depend on the abundance of herring and capelin, respectively. There was significant diet overlap between cod and Minke whale, and between kittiwake and guillemot. In general, the diet overlap between predators increased with changes in herring and krill abundances. The diet overlap models developed in this study may help to identify inter-specific interactions and their dynamics that potentially affect the stocks targeted by fisheries.

Highlights

The Barents Sea is an open Arcto-boreal shelf-sea with an average depth of about 230 m
We calculated the whale diet for the entire Barents Sea as well as for a subset of the data restricted to the southern Barents Sea (Minke whale sampled south of the 75uN, Fig. S1 in File S1)
As climate indices we considered the average Barents Sea surface temperature (ST, annual), an index of the areal coverage of cold, Arctic water in the Barents Sea and the winter North Atlantic Oscillation index

Summary

Introduction

The Barents Sea is an open Arcto-boreal shelf-sea with an average depth of about 230 m. This ecosystem is both of large applied interest due to the large commercial fisheries, and an interesting biological system showing clear bottom-up effects [1,2], top-down effects [3,4,5] and climate effects [1,6]. Simple pelagic Arctic ecosystems such as the Barents Sea [8] may be more vulnerable to changes in the abundance of the few key species [9] compared to more diverse system in terms of link strengths [10]. The collapse of the Barents Sea capelin Mallotus villosus stock in the 1980s significantly affected several trophic levels including the capelin prey, zooplankton [11], capelin predators such as the Northeast Arctic (NEA) cod Gadus morhua [12] and the harp seal Pagophilus groenlandicus [13], and alternative prey of capelin predators such as shrimp [14,15]

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion