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Abstract
Significant interest exists in engineering the soil microbiome to attain suppression of soil-borne plant diseases. Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) has potential as a biologically regulated disease control method; however, the role of specific metabolites and microbial community dynamics contributing to ASD mediated disease control is mostly uncharacterized. Understanding the trajectory of co-evolutionary processes leading to syntrophic generation of functional metabolites during ASD is a necessary prelude to the predictive utilization of this disease management approach. Consequently, metabolic and microbial community profiling were used to generate highly dimensional datasets and network analysis to identify sequential transformations through aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, and anaerobic soil phases of the ASD process and distinct groups of metabolites and microorganisms linked with those stages. Transient alterations in abundance of specific microbial groups, not consistently accounted for in previous studies of the ASD process, were documented in this time-course study. Such events initially were associated with increases and subsequent diminution in highly labile metabolites conferred by the carbon input. Proliferation and dynamic compositional changes in the Firmicutes community continued throughout the anaerobic phase and was linked to temporal changes in metabolite abundance including accumulation of small chain organic acids, methyl sulfide compounds, hydrocarbons, and p-cresol with antimicrobial properties. Novel potential modes of disease control during ASD were identified and the importance of the amendment and “community metabolism” for temporally supplying specific classes of labile compounds were revealed.
Highlights
Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is a practice that has been successfully employed for the control of several plant pathogens in a variety of cropping systems (Rosskopf et al, 2015)
The consumption of labile carbon drove O2 consumption leading to the anaerobic conditions in the ASD-rice bran (RB) treatment distinguishing it from ASD conducted without the carbon amendment
The addition of a carbon source contributed the majority of the variance to a principal components analysis (PCA) model comprised of the ASDRB and ASD-NA metabolomes (44.2%) (Figure 2)
Summary
Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is a practice that has been successfully employed for the control of several plant pathogens in a variety of cropping systems (Rosskopf et al, 2015). Utilization of ASD is relevant to organic agriculture and its application has increased in conventional production systems under conditions where there are no effective chemical soil fumigants or where their use is subjected to regulatory restrictions. Significant effort has been targeted toward enhancing ASD efficacy for soil-borne disease control with an emphasis on optimizing implementation variables such as carbon source (Butler et al, 2012; Hewavitharana et al, 2014; Serrano-Pérez et al, 2017; Shrestha et al, 2018), irrigation volume and duration (Daugovish et al, 2015), length of the incubation period, and the effects of soil temperature (Hewavitharana et al, 2015). Additional volatile compounds including dimethyl trisulfide, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, decanal, and nonanal are produced in a carbon resource-dependent manner during ASD and were demonstrated to possess biocidal activity (Hewavitharana et al, 2014)
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