Abstract

espanolEl primer reporte sobre maiz transgenico presente en las variedades nativas en su centro de origen se publico en 2001 para Oaxaca, Mexico. Las investigaciones posteriores realizadas en el mismo estado fueron controvertidas: la mayoria de las muestras de maiz analizadas en el periodo de 2001 a 2004 fueron negativas y solo unas pocas muestras resultaron positivas para la presencia de elementos transgenicos en diferentes localidades y anos. El proposito de este articulo es documentar la presencia de maiz transgenico en las regiones terrestres prioritarias (RTP) de Oaxaca y contribuir a la comprension del movimiento del maiz transgenico a traves de las practicas de manejo de semillas. Durante el periodo 2008-2018, se monitorearon 66 municipios y 148 localidades pertenecientes a 3 RTP. Se encuesto a un total de 1,210 agricultores sobre las practicas de manejo del maiz y se obtuvieron 1,412 muestras de maiz nativo que se analizaron mediante metodos moleculares. La presencia adventicia de secuencias transgenicas se detecto en 1.69% de las muestras. Las muestras positivas provinieron de municipios de la sierra de Juarez, Los Loxicha (sierra Sur) y Santa Maria Huatulco en la costa del Pacifico. Las respuestas de los agricultores indicaron que hay un gran movimiento de semillas entre las localidades, pero tambien se introducen semillas de otras areas del pais. Los datos muestran episodios de aparicion y desaparicion de los transgenes, lo que indica un reemplazo espacio-temporal altamente dinamico a lo largo del tiempo, causado principalmente por la introduccion de material externo. Este ultimo aspecto debe ser tomado en cuenta por las autoridades para la regulacion de la introduccion de semillas mejoradas a las comunidades tradicionales donde las variedades locales son la base de su subsistencia. EnglishThe first report of transgenic maize in Mexico was published in 2001 for Oaxaca, Mexico. Subsequent studies were controversial, because most of the maize samples analyzed from different years and localities, were negative. The purpose of this paper is to publish records of the presence of transgenic maize in Priority Terrestrial Regions in Oaxaca, and to contribute to the understanding of the movement of transgenic maize through seed management practices. During 2008-2018, 66 municipalities and 148 localities, belonging to 3 PTRs were monitored. A total of 1,210 farmers were surveyed on practices associated with maize management, and 1,412 maize samples were obtained and analyzed using molecular methods. Adventitious presence of transgenic sequences was detected in 1.69% of the samples. The positive samples came from municipalities belonging to Sierra Juarez, Los Loxicha region, and Santa Maria Huatulco. Farmers’ responses indicated that there is a high movement of seed among localities, but also from other areas of the country. Transgenes appear and disappear, indicating a highly dynamic spatio-temporal replacement over time, mainly due to introduction of foreign material. This aspect must be taken into account to regulate introduction of improved maize to traditional communities.

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