Abstract
BackgroundCertain adenovirus serotypes cause severe infections, especially in children. It is important to monitor temporal changes in serotypes causing clinical disease. The objective of this study was to document circulating respiratory adenovirus serotypes by sequencing adenovirus culture isolates from the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario, during December 2008 to April 2010.MethodsNucleic acid extraction was performed on 90 respiratory tract adenovirus culture isolates. PCR amplification was conducted with primers targeting the adenovirus hexon gene hypervariable region 7. Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed to determine serotype identities.ResultsAmong 90 clinical respiratory isolates sequenced, eight different serotypes were identified. Serotype 3 (34, 38%), serotype 2 (30, 30%), and serotype 1 (14, 16%) isolates were most common; serotypes 5, 6, 11, 17 and 21 were also observed. Seventeen (50%) of the 34 HAdV-3 isolates were identified between December 2008 and February 2009, while none were identified from December 2009 to February 2010. Between December 2008 and April 2009, the two most common serotypes were HAdV-3 and HAdV-2, detected in 18 (53%) and 8 (24%) of the 34 cultures isolates, respectively. However, from December 2009 to April 2010, there was an increase in HAdV-2, which became the most prevalent serotype, detected in 10 (50%) of the 20 isolates identified (p = 0.05).ConclusionsThere was a gradual shift in prevailing adenovirus serotypes during the 17 month study period, from predominantly HAdV-3 to HAdV-2. If an adenovirus vaccine were to be broadly implemented, multiple serotypes should be included.
Highlights
Certain adenovirus serotypes cause severe infections, especially in children
Following the testing procedure for respiratory specimens, nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) from ambulatory and hospitalized, non-intensive care unit patients received by Public Health Ontario Laboratories (PHOL)-Toronto are cultured for virus isolation in two cell lines
Cell lines showing cytopathic effect are stained with a blend of murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against seven respiratory viruses plus separate DFA reagents, each consisting of MAb blends directed against a single respiratory virus, including adenovirus (D3 UltraTM DFA Respiratory Virus Screening & ID Kit, Diagnostics Hybrids)
Summary
Certain adenovirus serotypes cause severe infections, especially in children. Human adenovirus (HAdV) belong to the Adenoviridae family and the Mastadenovirus genus [1]. They are structurally icosahedral, non-enveloped, double-stranded, linear DNA viruses [1]. HAdV are responsible for causing a variety of diseases including upper and lower respiratory infections, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, gastroenteritis and hemorrhagic cystitis [2]. Respiratory tract infections are caused by serotypes in species B, C and E [1]. There are 10 HAdV serotypes that have been associated with pneumonia and febrile respiratory illness (FRI) [5]. Only HAdV-3, HAdV-4, HAdV-7 and HAdV-21 have been found to cause outbreaks of both FRI and acute respiratory disease (ARD) [5,6]. Determining prevailing serotypes in a community assists in better understanding the epidemiology of disease caused by individual serotypes in order to control its spread
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