Temporal and spatial intraspecific variation of primary seed dispersal in Scrophularia canina L., a widespread plant with unspecialised diaspores

Abstract

Background: As seed dispersal can vary among years and individuals, studies that focus on a single year or on a few individuals may lead to erroneous conclusions.Aims: To study temporal and spatial intraspecific variation of seed dispersal in Scrophularia canina, a widespread species with capsule-type fruit.Methods: Primary seed dispersal was quantified by placing traps in each cardinal direction around 10 individuals during two consecutive years. We correlated several seed shadow parameters (modal dispersal distance, kurtosis, skewness, percentiles, slope, and seed percentage beneath the plant canopy) with three plant features (maximum height, lateral spread and seed production).Results: Scrophularia canina dispersed their seeds by boleochory, giving rise to a typical leptokurtic curve, but behaving as a barochorous species, because about 90% of seeds landed beneath the plant canopy. Temporal dispersal in S. canina included several seed waves associated with maximum wind speeds. Plant lateral spread was significantly positively correlated with seed percentiles and percentage of seeds beneath the plant canopy regardless of year. A seed production effect was only evident when both years were considered together.Conclusions: Although time-consuming, investigation of the dispersal process for more than 1 year provides more realistic information on seed dispersal. Lateral spread is the main plant feature determining seed shadow.