Temporal and Spatial Epidemiological Analysis of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Outbreaks from the Past 25 Years in Sheep and Goats and Its Control in India.

Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan,Kirubakaran Vinod Kumar,Rashmi Kurli,Gurrappanaidu Govindaraj,Ramesh Dheeraj,Bibek Ranjan Shome,Parimal Roy,Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh

doi:10.3390/v13030480

Abstract

This study was aimed to understand the temporal and spatial epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in India using national surveillance data available in the National Animal Diseases Referral Expert System (NADRES) along with its control plan undertaken. On analysis of the outbreaks/cases reports in sheep and goats in NADRES database from 1995 to 2019, it was observed that PPR features among the top ten diseases and stands first among viral diseases, and among reported deaths, PPR accounts for 36% of mortality in sheep and goats. PPR outbreaks occur round the year in all the seasons but are encountered most frequently during the lean period especially, in the winter season (January to February) in different regions/zones. The reported outbreaks have been progressively declined in most of the states in India due to the implementation of a mass vaccination strategic program since 2011. On state-wise analysis, the PPR risk-areas showed wide variations with different levels of endemicity. Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, and Karnataka were the top three outbreaks reported states during 1995–2010, whereas Jharkhand and West Bengal states reported more outbreaks during 2011–2015 and 2016–2019 periods. The temporal and spatial distribution of PPR in India provides valuable information on the hotspot areas/zones to take appropriate policy decisions towards its prevention and control in different regions/zones of India. The study also identifies when and where intensive surveillance and vaccination along with biosecurity measures need to be implemented for the control and eradication of the disease from India in consonance with the PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy.

Highlights

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), otherwise known as ‘small ruminants plague’, is one of the highly contagious, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) notifiable, economically important transboundary devastating viral diseases of sheep and goats
It has been observed that PPR features among the top ten diseases (PPR, sheep & goat pox, Rabies, Enterotoxaemia, Bluetongue, Coccidiosis, Babesiosis, Theileriosis, Footrot, and Fascioliasis) in sheep and goats and stands first among viral diseases, and accounts for 36% of the mortalities among reported deaths based on the analysis of the outbreaks/cases reports in National Animal Diseases Referral Expert System (NADRES) database from 1995 to 2019
Himachal Pradesh (HP), undivided Andhra Pradesh (AP), and West Bengal (WB) states were the top three states reporting the highest number of outbreaks per 100 thousand population during 1995–2010, whereas Jharkhand and Haryana states were highest during 2011–2015 and 2016–2019 periods, respectively

Summary

Introduction

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), otherwise known as ‘small ruminants plague’, is one of the highly contagious, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) notifiable, economically important transboundary devastating viral diseases of sheep and goats. Considering the importance of small ruminants in ensuring food security and socio-economic growth in many parts of the world, mainly in Africa and Asia, a global consensus was agreed on the need to eradicate PPR with the adoption of the PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy (GCES) with a vision to make the world free from PPR by 2030. In this direction, FAO and OIE, launched the PPR global eradication program (PPR-GEP) for the period 2017–2021 with the adoption of PPR GCES for global elimination of PPRV by 2030 [7]

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