Abstract
Abstract The tangent linear model (TLM) is obtained by linearizing the governing equations around a space- and time-dependent basic state referred to as the trajectory. The TLM describes to first-order the evolution of perturbations in a nonlinear model and it is now used widely in many applications including four-dimensional data assimilation. This paper is concerned with the difficulties that arise when developing the tangent linear model for a semi-Lagrangian integration scheme. By permitting larger time steps than those of Eulerian advection schemes, the semi-Lagrangian treatment of advection improves the model efficiency. However, a potential difficulty in linearizing the interpolation algorithms commonly used in semi-Lagrangian advection schemes has been described by Polavarapu et al, who showed that for infinitesimal perturbations, the tangent linear approximation of an interpolation scheme is correct if and only if the first derivative of the interpolator is continuous at every grid point. Here, t...
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