Abstract
Abstract. Emission inventories of sixty-seven speciated non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) from on-road vehicles in China were estimated for the period of 1980–2005, using seven NMVOC emission profiles, which were summarized based on local and international measurements from published literatures dealing with specific vehicle categories running under particular modes. Results show an exponential growth trend of China's historical emissions of alkanes, alkenes, alkines, aromatics and carbonyls during the period of 1980–2005, increasing from 63.9, 39.3, 6.9, 36.8 and 24.1 thousand tons, respectively, in 1980 to 2778.2, 1244.5, 178.7, 1351.7 and 406.0 thousand tons, respectively, in 2005, which coincided well with China's economic growth. Emission inventories of alkenes, aromatics and carbonyls were gridded at a high resolution of 40 km×40 km for air quality simulation and health risk evaluation, using the geographic information system (GIS) methodology. Spatial distribution of speciated NMVOC emissions shows a clear difference in emission densities between developed eastern and relatively underdeveloped western and inland China. Besides, the appearance and expansion of high-emission areas was another notable characteristic of spatial distribution of speciated NMVOC emissions during the period. Emission contributions of vehicle categories to speciated NMVOC groups showed annual variation, due to the variance in the provincial emissions and in the relative fractions of the seven emission profiles adopted at the provincial level. Highly reactive and toxic compounds accounted for high proportions of emissions of speciated NMVOC groups. The most abundant compounds were isopentane, pentane and butane from alkanes; ethene, propene, 2-methyl-2-butene and ethyne from alkenes and alkines; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, and m,p-xylene (BTEX) and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene from aromatics and formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde and acetone from carbonyls.
Highlights
Concerns about non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) have increased due to their crucial role in tropospheric chemistry
Multi-year vehicular emissions of sixty-seven NMVOC species, including alkanes, alkenes, alkines, aromatics and carbonyls, are shown in Table 3, which reveals that emissions of all groups experienced exponential increase during the period of 1980–2005: emissions of alkanes, alkenes, alkines, aromatics and carbonyls had increased by about 43, 32, 26, 37 and 17 times, respectively, during the period
We focused on the discrepancy of the determination or selection of vehicular emission profiles, which resulted in some differences in the speciated NMVOC emissions between our estimates and other major work (Klimont et al, 2002; Streets et al, 2003; Wei et al, 2008): the speciation profiles used by Klimont et al (2002) and Streets et al (2003) were drawn from the USEPA’s SPECIATE database (USEPA, 2000), and we appreciate this method as there were no reliable domestic profiles as alternative options
Summary
Concerns about non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) have increased due to their crucial role in tropospheric chemistry. Different groups of NMVOC compounds differ significantly in how rapidly they react and the extent to which their reactions contribute to ozone formation. These differences in the effects on ozone formation are referred to as the ozone reactivities of NMVOC (Duffy et al, 1999). NMVOC are the main inputs to atmospheric chemistry models that study the formation and fate of photochemical oxidants in the atmosphere (Klimont et al, 2002). Compilation of speciated NMVOC emission inventories is necessary for photochemical modeling calculations and for the design of abatement strategies for ozone and secondary organic aerosols
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