Abstract
Nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials (NPCMs) are usually obtained by carbonization of complicated nitrogen-containing polymers in the presence of template or physical/chemical activation of the as-synthesized carbon materials. Herein we reported the facile synthesis of NPCMs by direct carbonization of a series of furfuryl amine (FA)-based protic salts ([FA][X], X = NTf2, HSO4, H2PO4, CF3SO3, BF4, NO3, Cl) without any templates, tedious synthetic steps and other advanced techniques. The thermal decomposition of precursors and structure, elemental composition, surface atomic configuration, and porosity of carbons have been carefully investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), combustion elemental analysis, energy-dispersive spectrometry, and nitrogen isotherm adsorption. Different from the parent amine FA that was evaporated below 130°C and no carbon was finally obtained, it was found that all the prepared protic precursors yield NPCMs. These carbon materials were found to exhibit anion structure- dependent carbon yield, chemical composition, and porous structure. The obtained NPCMs can be further exploited as adsorbents for dye removal and decoloration. Among all NPCMs, [FA][H2PO4]-derived carbon owing to its high surface area and special pore structure exhibits the highest adsorption capacities toward both Methylene blue and Rhodamine B.
Highlights
Porous carbons have attracted great interest, due to their potential applications in diverse areas including environmental treatment, sensor, catalysis, energy conversion, and storage, etc (Nishihara and Kyotani, 2012; Fang et al, 2013; Su et al, 2013)
In this work, using furfuryl amine (FA) as a specific base, we reported the synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials (NPCMs) by direct carbonization of a series of FA-based PSs with various anions ([FA][X], X = NTf2, HSO4, H2PO4, CF3SO3, BF4, NO3, Cl)
The parent amine was completely evaporated below 130◦C and no carbon was obtained, while all of the corresponding PSs paired with variable anions show higher thermal stability and give rise to carbon residues
Summary
Porous carbons have attracted great interest, due to their potential applications in diverse areas including environmental treatment, sensor, catalysis, energy conversion, and storage, etc (Nishihara and Kyotani, 2012; Fang et al, 2013; Su et al, 2013). The anions of the precursors obviously exert a large influence on the carbon yield, elemental composition, surface area, pore structure, and dye adsorption capabilities of the obtained NPCMs. [FA][H2PO4]-derived carbon possess a very large specific surface area of up to 1380 m2/g, which is comparable to or even higher than that of most carbon materials generated by templating methods or activation. [FA][H2PO4]-derived carbon possess a very large specific surface area of up to 1380 m2/g, which is comparable to or even higher than that of most carbon materials generated by templating methods or activation As a result, this highly porous carbon exhibits an excellent performance toward dye removal, with its adsorption capacity superior to some conventional adsorbents including reported porous carbon materials. Where Qe (mg g−1) is the amount of dyes adsorbed at equilibrium, Qm (mg L−1) is the maximum adsorption capacity corresponding to complete monolayer coverage, Ce (mg L−1) is the equilibrium solute concentration and b (L mg −1) is the equilibrium constant
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