Temperatures and Salinities under the Ice in a Shallow Inlet

Abstract

In Bideford "river", an arm of Malpeque bay, soon after ice forms a thin layer of water of very low salinity develops with a minimum temperature above the freezing point of the salter water below. Convectional mixing of surface and bottom waters is largely prevented. The temperature of the latter seldom approaches its freezing point closely and rises during the winter to approach that of the water in contact with the ice.