Abstract
The rapid growth of wearable electronics, Internet of Things, smart packaging, and advanced healthcare technologies demand a large number of flexible, thin, lightweight, and ultralow-cost sensors. The accurate and precise determination of temperature in a narrow range (~0–50 °C) around ambient temperatures and near-body temperatures is critical for most of these applications. Temperature sensors based on organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have the advantages of low manufacturing cost, excellent mechanical flexibility, easy integration with other devices, low cross-sensitivity, and multi-stimuli detectability and, therefore, are very suitable for the above applications. This article provides a timely overview of research progress in the development of OFET-based temperature sensors. First, the working mechanism of OFETs, the fundamental theories of charge transport in organic semiconductors, and common types of OFET temperature sensors based on the sensing element are briefly introduced. Next, notable advances in the development of OFET temperature sensors using small-molecule and polymer semiconductors are discussed separately. Finally, the progress of OFET temperature sensors is summarized, and the challenges associated with OFET temperature sensors and the perspectives of research directions in this field are presented.
Highlights
Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) or organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) use organic semiconductors (OSCs) including covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and metalorganic frameworks (MOFs) as active channel materials, which enables the high-speed fabrication of electronic products on flexible plastic substrates under mild conditions at an ultralow cost [1,2,3,4,5,6]
This section will introduce and discuss small-molecule OFET temperature sensors based on the classification of temperature sensing elements: organic semiconductor channel layer, dielectric layer, separate thermistor, and other types
This review presented the progress made in the development of OFET-based temperature sensors, which have the broadest and most important applications among all types of sensors
Summary
Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) or organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) use organic semiconductors (OSCs) including covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and metalorganic frameworks (MOFs) as active channel materials, which enables the high-speed fabrication of electronic products on flexible plastic substrates under mild conditions at an ultralow cost [1,2,3,4,5,6]. The OFET temperature sensor can provide numerous parameters, such as IDS and V DS (in different regimes), onset voltage (V 0 ), threshold voltage (V T ), and mobility (μ) [18,19]. Since IDS in the linear (Equation (1)) or saturated (Equation (2)) regime is a function of the carrier mobility of the organic semiconductor channel, it can be used as an output signal to detect the temperature change. (Equation (1)) or saturated (Equation (2)) regime is a function of the carrier mobility of the organic semiconductor channel, it can be used as an output signal to detect the temperature change. ConseThe mobility of organic semiconductors is field dependent [23,24], and the field-effect quently, the sensitivity of an temperature sensor may be influenced by the voltmobility is often strongly dependent on the gate voltage [27]. 0 [36,37]
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