Abstract
Coral bleaching is caused by environmental stress and susceptibility to bleaching stress varies among types of coral. The physiological properties of the algal symbionts (Symbiodinium spp.), especially extent of damage to PSII and its repair capacity, contribute importantly to this variability in stress susceptibility. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the growth rates and photosynthetic activities of six cultured strains of Symbiodinium spp. (clades A, B, C, D, and F) at elevated temperature (33 °C). We also observed the recovery of photodamaged-PSII in the presence or absence of a chloroplast protein synthesis inhibitor (lincomycin). The growth rates and photochemical efficiencies of PSII (Fv/Fm) decreased in parallel at high temperature in thermally sensitive strains, B-K100 (clade B followed by culture name) and A-Y106, but not in thermally tolerant strains, F-K102 and D-K111. In strains A-KB8 and C-Y103, growth declined markedly at high temperature, but Fv/Fm decreased only slightly. These strains may reallocate energy from growth to the repair of damaged photosynthetic machineries or protection pathways. Alternatively, since recoveries of photo-damaged PSII at 33 °C were modest in strains A-KB8 and C-Y103, thermal stressing of other metabolic pathways may have reduced growth rates in these two strains. This possibility should be explored in future research efforts.
Highlights
Symbiotic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium provide their coral hosts with photosynthetic products that sustain polyp metabolism and growth in oligotrophic waters [1,2]
We examined the relationships between growth rate and photosynthetic activity (Fv/Fm) in six cultured Symbiodinium spp. strains exposed to elevated temperatures
We investigated the recovery of photodamaged-PSII at high temperature in the presence or absence of a chloroplast protein synthesis inhibitor
Summary
Symbiotic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium provide their coral hosts with photosynthetic products that sustain polyp metabolism and growth in oligotrophic waters [1,2]. Environmental stresses, such as elevated seawater temperatures and high irradiances, may disrupt the symbiosis, leading to losses of either Symbiodinium cells or the pigmentation of those within the host tissues; this is the phenomenon of coral bleaching [3,4]. It is clear that damage to the algal photosynthetic apparatus may lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis of host and algal cells [4,5,6]. Details of the pathway to cell death depend on the intensity and duration of the environmental stress [4].
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