Abstract
Abstract During the 1980s, after long and heated debates, the USA, the UK, Japan, and New Zealand opened their long-distance trunk telephone markets to various forms of competition which reduced the monopoly power of their public telephone operators (PTOs). By the mid-1990s, virtually all OECD countries had introduced competitive markets for customer premises equipment (CPE), such as telephones and automatic exchanges. A growing number had also permitted competition for network equipment, mobile communications, and packet-switched data services. However, most OECD countries still retained their PTO monopolies on the infrastructure facilities for providing basic services over the public switched telephone network (PSTN).
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