Abstract
The ideal prandial insulin would possess characteristics of the insulin response profile seen in healthy individuals without diabetes. Approximating the early-phase insulin response that is lost in diabetes is challenging for injected insulins, especially achieving rapid insulin absorption and a favorable duration of metabolic effect. Technosphere (MannKind Corp., Valencia, CA) inhalation powder is a novel delivery platform that enables large peptides to be delivered via the pulmonary route. Technosphere Insulin (TI), a formulation of regular human insulin, has been specifically designed to facilitate efficient transport via the inhaled route. TI is rapidly absorbed (time to maximum effect of approximately 15 min) and has a rapid onset of action. The metabolic effect of TI peaks approximately 1 h after administration, substantially earlier than what has been reported for other insulins. The majority of the glucose-lowering activity of TI is delivered in the first 3 h. In preliminary studies, TI was well tolerated. Phase 3 studies are under way to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of TI in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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