Technology-Facilitated Diagnosis and Treatment of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Engineering Perspective

Xiongyi Liu,Qing Wu,Wenbing Zhao,Xiong Luo

doi:10.3390/app7101051

Abstract

The rapid development of computer and robotic technologies in the last decade is giving hope to perform earlier and more accurate diagnoses of the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and more effective, consistent, and cost-conscious treatment. Besides the reduced cost, the main benefit of using technology to facilitate treatment is that stimuli produced during each session of the treatment can be controlled, which not only guarantees consistency across different sessions, but also makes it possible to focus on a single phenomenon, which is difficult even for a trained professional to perform, and deliver the stimuli according to the treatment plan. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of research on recent technology-facilitated diagnosis and treat of children and adults with ASD. Different from existing reviews on this topic, which predominantly concern clinical issues, we focus on the engineering perspective of autism studies. All technology facilitated systems used for autism studies can be modeled as human machine interactive systems where one or more participants would constitute as the human component, and a computer-based or a robotic-based system would be the machine component. Based on this model, we organize our review with the following questions: (1) What are presented to the participants in the studies and how are the content and delivery methods enabled by technologies? (2) How are the reactions/inputs collected from the participants in response to the stimuli in the studies? (3) Are the experimental procedure and programs presented to participants dynamically adjustable based on the responses from the participants, and if so, how? and (4) How are the programs assessed?

Highlights

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental disorder
In the third study [97], a standardized test of motor performance called BOT-2 was used in the pretest and posttest to access the effectiveness of the intervention program on imitation, interpersonal synchrony, and motor performance of children with ASD
We reviewed the autism research facilitated by various technologies from an engineering perspective

Summary

Introduction

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental disorder. ASD presents with a constellation of physiologic and behavioral symptoms. There are two essential domains of ASD symptoms: (1) restrictive and repetitive behaviors, for example, having a lasting and intense interest in certain topics, including sensory challenges; (2) difficulty in social communication and interaction, such as failing to make proper eye contact during a conversion with another person. The exact causes for ASD are not known and there is no cure, research has shown that symptoms can be improved via proper treatment, especially when detected in early childhood. It was estimated that 1.1% of population in the United States suffer from Autism Spectrum. Disorders (ASD), which amounts to more than three million people.

Objectives

Results

Discussion

Conclusion