Abstract
Improving the efficiency of the heating of the steelmaking bath through the use of oxygen while reducing pollution remains one of the most difficult but important problems in the science and practice of metallurgy. Of the different high-productivity steelmaking methods now used, the oxygen-converter method is the leading technology: the unit consumption of oxygen averages 65 m3/ton in oxygen-converter steelmaking, 30 m3/ton in electric steelmaking, 60 m3/ton in open-hearth practice, and 70 m3/ton in two-bath furnace steelmaking. Most of the oxygen is consumed in refining processes.
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