Abstract
FSP (friction stir processing) technology is a modern grain refinement method that is setting new trends in surface engineering. This technology is used not only to modify the microstructure of the surface layer of engineering materials, but increasingly more often also to produce surface composites. The application potential of FSP technology lies in its simplicity and speed of processing and in the wide range of materials that can be used as reinforcement in the composite. There are a number of solutions enabling the effective and controlled introduction of the reinforcing phase into the plasticized matrix and the production of the composite microstructure in it. The most important of them are the groove and hole methods, as well as direct friction stir processing. This review article discusses the main and less frequently used methods of producing surface composites using friction stir processing, indicates the main advantages, disadvantages and application limitations of the individual solutions, in addition to potential difficulties in effective processing. This information can be helpful in choosing a solution for a specific application.
Highlights
Friction stir processing is a new solid-state surface modifying technique used in surface engineering to modify the microstructure and properties of engineering materials, as well as to produce composite surface layers
The authors found a favourable effect of the enhanced cooling on the degree of grain refinement in the FSPed alloy; the average grain size was within the range of 54.7–251.7 nm and 40.2–57.3 nm for the specimens FSPed in air and under water, respectively
Gangil et al [52] fabricated magnesium-based composites reinforced with nitinol particles (NiTip) by means of the groove method and found a significant increase in microhardness due to the addition of reinforcing particles
Summary
Friction stir processing is a new solid-state surface modifying technique used in surface engineering to modify the microstructure and properties of engineering materials, as well as to produce composite surface layers. The Welding Institute (TWI) [3] and is based on the same principles as FSW In both the FSW and FSP methods, the heat generated by the friction of a special non-consumable tool against the surface of the modified material leads to plasticization of the material. The associated effects of heat and pressure during FSP/FSW generate processes, the consequence of which are changes in the microstructure and morphology of the phases [6,7,8]. The authors showed that in the case of the water submerged processing technique, increasing the rotational speed of the tool or pin dwell-time did not cause such significant changes in the grain size as in the case of air cooling
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