Abstract
Recently, biomaterial scaffolds have been widely applied in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Due to different production methods, unique types of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds can be fabricated to meet the structural characteristics of tissues and organs, and provide suitable 3D microenvironments. The therapeutic effects of stem cell (SC) therapy in tissues and organs are considerable and have attracted the attention of academic researchers worldwide. However, due to the limitations and challenges of SC therapy, exosome therapy can be used for basic research and clinical translation. The review briefly introduces the materials (nature or polymer), shapes (hydrogels, particles and porous solids) and fabrication methods (crosslinking or bioprinting) of 3D scaffolds, and describes the recent progress in SC/exosome therapy with 3D scaffolds over the past 5 years (2016–2020). Normal SC/exosome therapy can improve the structure and function of diseased and damaged tissues and organs. In addition, 3D scaffold-based SC/exosome therapy can significantly improve the structure and function cardiac and neural tissues for the treatment of various refractory diseases. Besides, exosome therapy has the same therapeutic effects as SC therapy but without the disadvantages. Hence, 3D scaffold therapy provides an alternative strategy for treatment of refractory and incurable diseases and has entered a transformation period from basic research into clinical translation as a viable therapeutic option in the future.
Highlights
The self-renewal capacity of human cells decreases with age and disease
Gandolfi et al (2020) reported that the mineral-doped polylactic acid (PLA) porous scaffolds enriched with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes increased the osteogenic commitment of MSCs
The stem cells (SCs) therapy has become a fascinating biomedical field that has prompted a lot of excitement in recent years
Summary
The self-renewal capacity of human cells decreases with age and disease. Regenerative engineering of complex tissue structures is a relatively recent discipline that combines materials research, mechanics, stem cell (SC) science, and clinical translation. New therapies for regeneration of weakened tissues and organs have focused on the use of autographs and tissues from living and deceased donors. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT | A summary schematic of application of 3D scaffold-based stem cell/exosome therapy. The activities of exosomes include immune control, mediation of cell proliferation, migration, division, and apoptosis, maintaining a physiological state, and participating in disease processes (Tkach and Théry, 2016). The field of regenerative engineering has continued to evolve, and various functional biomaterials compatible with the human body have been developed for the treatment of diseased and damaged tissues (Riester et al, 2020). Biomaterials can be prepared with cells and cell-derived microvesicles, such as exosomes, from different sources to elicit a therapeutic effect in injured and diseased tissues. Biomaterials include natural, biological and synthetic materials in various shapes and forms, such as injectable substances, gel, particles, and polymers
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
