Abstract
The commercial production of wine is directly linked to the use of large amounts of fresh water coupledwith the generation of copious amounts of wastewater containing significant amounts of organic andinorganic substances. The impact of this waste stream on the environment has required the wine industryto implement certain protocols in wastewater management to comply with respective effluent dischargeregulations as set out by local authorities. Reduced accessibility to good quality water resources in recentyears has forced wineries to consider more efficient wastewater management strategies to improve waterrecovery and re-use, thereby promoting more sustainable wine production and minimizing the impact onstressed water resources. This review presents a comprehensive overview of established and emerging,physicochemical, biological, advanced oxidation and hybrid wastewater treatment technologies specificallyapplicable to the wine producing industry. Herein, winery wastewater composition and treatmenttechniques, environmental implications, knowledge gaps, technological operational challenges, alternativedisposal and recycling options of treated winery wastewater are critically evaluated.
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