Abstract
Under the present electricity tariff structure in Malaysia, electricity billing on a monthly basis for commercial and industrial consumers includes the net consumption charges together with maximum demand (MD) charges. The use of batteries in combination with photovoltaic (PV) systems is projected to become a viable solution for energy management, in terms of peak load shaving. Based on the latest studies, maximum demand (MD) reduction can be accomplished via a solar PV-battery system based on a few measures such as load pattern, techno-economic traits, and electricity scheme. Based on these measures, the Maximum Demand Reduction (MDRed) Model is developed as an optimization tool for the solar PV-battery system. This paper shows that energy savings on net consumption and maximum demand can be maximized via optimal sizing of the solar PV-battery system using the MATLAB genetic algorithm (GA) tool. GA optimization results revealed that the optimal sizing of solar PV-battery system gives monthly energy savings of up to 20% of net consumption via solar PV self-consumption, 3% of maximum demand (MD) via MD shaving and 2% of surplus power supplied to grid via net energy metering (NEM) in regards to Malaysian electricity tariff scheme and cost of the overall system.
Highlights
The release of greenhouse gases, especially CO2, by utilities using coal and gas reduces the ozone layer and creates more pollution
The global energy demand will increase by about 35% due to the world’s population growth [1]
Energies 2019, 12, 3531 promotes the use of renewable energy compared to conventional energy resources
Summary
The release of greenhouse gases, especially CO2 , by utilities using coal and gas reduces the ozone layer and creates more pollution. Energy demand in developing countries is projected to rise about. The global energy demand will increase by about 35% due to the world’s population growth [1]. The high penetration level of solar photovoltaic (PV) in the utility sector decreases the greenhouse gases emissions and Energies 2019, 12, 3531; doi:10.3390/en12183531 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies. Solar PV systems are able to deliver an alternative solution to reduce the peaking load throughout the day. The intermittent supply of solar PV system during bad weather condition reduces the ability to supply power during peak hours [2]. Solar PV system in combination with energy storage is expected to be the optimum solution to accommodate the peak load
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