Abstract
An isolated dockyard located in West Papua currently relies on two diesel generators (DGs) with a total capacity of 1,100 kW to fulfil its energy demand. However, these DGs operate at low efficiency, resulting in a high levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of Rp9,064 /kWh and generating 496 metric tons CO2 emissions equivalent per year. On the other hand, the dockyard holds significant solar energy potential. There is opportunity to utilise solar photovoltaic (PV) since its LCOE is also decreasing. This study aims to determine the optimal configuration and sizing of a PV-battery-diesel to minimise LCOE, considering CO2 emissions and a maximum capital expenditure (CAPEX) constraint of Rp 16.4 billion. Four topologies are evaluated: DG, PV-DG, PV-battery, and PV-battery-DG topology. The results highlight the PV-battery-DG topology as the lowest LCOE of Rp3,185 /kWh while adhering to the CAPEX constraint. The PV-battery topology is the most effective in reducing emissions by 100%. Both the PV-battery-DG and PV-battery topologies are less sensitive to fuel price volatility but are more influenced by changes in inflation rates. In contrast, the DG and PV-DG topologies are relatively less responsive to inflation changes but significantly responsive to variations in fuel prices.
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