Abstract
Batteries offer a combination of balancing and regulation services within a smart grid to improve its resilience and flexibility. Maintaining an acceptable state of health and the highest rate of return requires dynamic modelling of the asset and rigorous optimisation. The authors compare the technical cost and economic benefit of battery employment in dynamic frequency and balancing mechanism actions in a smart grid. They use the services procured by National Grid in the UK as a case study but the methodology is globally applicable, including developing grid infrastructures. Their methodology yields the most optimum scenario of service participation, accounting for the dynamic degradation and considering variable pricing of electricity throughout the day. Additionally, it advises the most optimal despatch schedule and price declarations for the battery over the course a day and a year, employing particle swarm optimisation algorithm and historic data. Their results demonstrate that ordinarily frequency response is preferred due to its lower technical toll and payments for availability rather than despatch. However, the proposed despatch schedule including both services provides the highest profit. They anticipate this methodology to become the basis for more sophisticated battery models that integrate the service despatch optimisation, dynamic lifetime degradation and economic analysis.
Highlights
In response to carbon emission and greener electricity production targets, the energy mix in the UK is changing to integrate newer and cleane444444r electricity generation technologies on a conventional electricity grid
It is concluded that the overall participation solely in Dynamic Firm Frequency Response (dFFR) is techno-economically more beneficial than in Balancing Mechanism (BM)
The variations in Block 5 are mostly dependent on BM pricing rather than the state of charge (SoC)≥50% limit for participation in dFFR
Summary
In response to carbon emission and greener electricity production targets, the energy mix in the UK is changing to integrate newer and cleane444444r electricity generation technologies on a conventional electricity grid. It is a relatively low-carbon solution in comparison to the conventional means of operating fossil-fuel generators at part-load [3]. A dynamic lifetime degradation model that is based on real usage data provided by four battery companies. Bid and offer pricing optimisation with respect to the realistic battery cycling and lifetime constraints for participation in Balancing Mechanism using real imbalance pricing and market data for one year. Techno-economic analysis over the lifetime of BESS that includes the break-even analysis, net present value at the end of lifetime and average daily state of charge variations which prove the economic viability of the simulated 1MW/1MWh BESS unit
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