Abstract
The combined use of thermal energy storage (TES) technologies and heat pumps in building energy systems has been approved to achieve demand-side management. Although there is an increasing number of case studies about the TES applications, crosswise techno-economic evaluations of different technologies are rare, especially for applications in individual heating systems where the storage temperature range is less than 20 K. Hence, in this study, three TES options; water tank (WT), phase change material tank, and building thermal mass (BTM) are simulated and compared. A systematic analysis approach was proposed to assure impartial comparisons of the energy performance and the life-cycle costs (LCC). Special focus was paid on practical issues such as restricted charging power for different TES technologies. It was found that the majority of LCC savings arises from the peak load reduction. The study also shows that BTM is the most cost-effective TES technology while the WT is the least attractive option, due to larger heat loss and lower storage density. Moreover, less discharged energy and cost savings were found in well-insulated buildings due to the restricted discharging power. Still, there could be more incentives for household TES technologies if additional prices or policies are implemented.
Highlights
Following the Paris agreement on climate change, Nordic countries like Sweden and Denmark have set goals to cover 100% of their energy demand by renewable energy, with approximately 50% supplied from non-dispatchable sources such as wind and solar power [1]
The usage of electric heater (EH) is caused by the limited heating capacity of ground source heat pump (GSHP) during the peak demand period, such as the cold winter days
The energy performance and economic benefit were considered and compared for three typical thermal energy storage (TES) technologies applied in three cases of a Swedish single family houses (SFHs)
Summary
Following the Paris agreement on climate change, Nordic countries like Sweden and Denmark have set goals to cover 100% of their energy demand by renewable energy, with approximately 50% supplied from non-dispatchable sources such as wind and solar power [1]. With the increasing share of variable renewable energy (VRE) in the whole energy system, there is a growing need for flexibility measures to balance a mismatch between energy supply and demand. The idea of smart demand-side management (DSM) of heat pump and thermal energy storage (TES) in SFHs, which coordinates the dynamic energy supply and demand, has been developed to increase the share of VRE while providing flexibility to the electricity grid [5,6]
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