Abstract
Although there have been only a few major technological changes in stationary lead/acid batteries in the past, some rapid and remarkable developments have occured recently. The latter have included the introduction of catalyst plugs and valve-regulated lead/acid batteries (VRBs). Catalyst plugs have been used to avoid water addition with stationary lead/acid batteries. By virtue of their advantages (i.e., the elements retain electrolyte and equalizing charging and water addition are unnecessary), VRBs are being developed up to a maximum capacity of 3000 Ah. These designs have now captured about 50% of the stationary lead/acid battery market. The VRB technology has excellent characteristics, such as plate construction that can accommode grid growth, explosion-resistant plugs, good discharge characteristics, and minimal electrolyte stratification. Addition,by utilizing the benefits of VRBs, horizontal and multistoried systems can be assembled, though in early stages of development the construction was only interchangeability with flooded-electrolyte type batteries.
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