Abstract
This study assesses the feasibility of photovoltaic (PV) charging stations with local battery storage for electric vehicles (EVs) located in the United States and China using a simulation model that estimates the system's energy balance, yearly energy costs, and cumulative CO2 emissions in different scenarios based on the system's PV energy share, assuming silicon PV modules, and 5 kWh of storage capacity. Results show that systems located in commercial or office parking lots and used for charging EVs during working hours can be a feasible solution in all locations from a technical, financial, and environmental perspective in comparison with not only gasoline-fueled vehicles but also with grid-only charging. PV shares of 50% and 75% are achievable in all locations with PV array sizes in the order of 1–1.5 kWp, whereas a 100% PV share is possible but might result in high system costs. Scenarios with PV charging and local storage show emissions reductions of 60%–93% in the USA and 28%–93% in China compared with a gasoline-fueled vehicle.
Highlights
T HE transport sector is currently responsible for almost a quarter of global energy-related CO2 emissions [1], and there are high hopes on reducing these emissions through the use of electric vehicles (EVs) that represent a low-CO2 alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs)
We developed a model to analyze these aspects in an interdisciplinary manner; this model has been published in the Progress in Photovoltaics journal [8]
- These scenarios required more than 20-kWp PV capacity and were considered technically unfeasible. ∗ greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation costs cannot be calculated for these scenarios since there was not a reduction in driving CO2 emissions compared with an ICEV
Summary
T HE transport sector is currently responsible for almost a quarter of global energy-related CO2 emissions [1], and there are high hopes on reducing these emissions through the use of electric vehicles (EVs) that represent a low-CO2 alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). EV use could potentially further reduce CO2 emissions by charging with a renewable energy source such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. This could have added benefits such as reducing local grid overloading, providing self-sufficiency. Date of publication September 9, 2020; date of current version October 21, 2020. Color versions of one or more of the figures in this article are available online at https://ieeexplore.ieee.org This work was a part of the PV in Mobility Project under Grant/Award TUEUE518019, which was supported in part by RVO Nederland through TKI Urban Energy. (Corresponding author: Alonzo Sierra.)
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