Abstract
Abstract Since the announcement of the birth of the first cloned mammal in 1997, Dolly the sheep, 24 animal species including laboratory, farm, and wild animals have been cloned. The technique for somatic cloning involves transfer of the donor nucleus of a somatic cell into an enucleated oocyte at the metaphase II (MII) stage for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor. There is increasing interest in animal cloning for different purposes such as rescue of endangered animals, replication of superior farm animals, production of genetically engineered animals, creation of biomedical models, and basic research. However, the efficiency of cloning remains relatively low. High abortion, embryonic, and fetal mortality rates are frequently observed. Moreover, aberrant developmental patterns during or after birth are reported. Researchers attribute these abnormal phenotypes mainly to incomplete nuclear remodeling, resulting in incomplete reprogramming. Nevertheless, multiple factors influence the success of each step of the somatic cloning process. Various strategies have been used to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer and most of the phenotypically normal born clones can survive, grow, and reproduce. This paper will present some technical, biological, and molecular aspects of somatic cloning, along with remarkable achievements and current improvements.
Highlights
The first mammal cloned by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) was Dolly the sheep in 1996 (Wilmut et al, 1997)
SCNT has progressed from being a novel technology to a widely used technique for many purposes in mammals e.g.: rescue of endangered or extinct animals (Gómez et al, 2004, 2008; Samiec, 2005a; Folch et al, 2009), replication of superior farm animals (Gambini and Maserati, 2018), production of genetically engineered animals (Samiec and Skrzyszowska, 2011a; Luo et al, 2015), creation of biomedical models (Park et al, 2015), basic research (Schaetzlein et al, 2004; Nowak-Imialek et al, 2011), biomedicine and biopharmacy (Chen et al, 2003; Samiec and Skrzyszowska, 2011b; Tachibana et al, 2013; Loi et al, 2016)
In the case of the first viable cloned mammal, out of 247 donor cells fused with manipulated oocytes, 29 developed into blastocyst embryos, which were transferred into 13 surrogate mothers
Summary
This is unedited PDF of peer-reviewed and accepted manuscript. Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the manuscript may affect the content, so this provisional version can differ from the final version. Biological and molecular aspects of somatic cell nuclear transfer – a review Patrycja Mrowiec♦, Monika Bugno-Poniewierska
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