Abstract
The complexity of modern urban environments and civil demands for fast, reliable and affordable decision-making requires not only a 3D Land Information System, which tends to replace traditional 2D LIS architectures, but also the need to address the time and scale parameters, that is, the 3D geometry of buildings in various time instances (4<sup>th</sup> dimension) at various levels of detail (LoDs - 5<sup>th</sup> dimension). This paper describes and proposes solutions for technical aspects that need to be addressed for the 5D modelling pipeline. Such solutions include the creation of a 3D model, the application of a selective modelling procedure between various time instances and at various LoDs, enriched with cadastral and other spatial data, and a procedural modelling approach for the representation of the inner parts of the buildings. The methodology is based on automatic change detection algorithms for spatial-temporal analysis of the changes that took place in subsequent time periods, using dense image matching and structure from motion algorithms. The selective modelling approach allows a detailed modelling only for the areas where spatial changes are detected. The procedural modelling techniques use programming languages for the textual semantic description of a building; they require the modeller to describe its part-to-whole relationships. Finally, a 5D viewer is developed, in order to tackle existing limitations that accompany the use of global systems, such as the Google Earth or the Google Maps, as visualization software. An application based on the proposed methodology in an urban area is presented and it provides satisfactory results.
Highlights
Current cadastral data models and Land Information Systems (LISs) use a 2D land-parcel definition
3D cadastral information management systems provide several advantages to the end-users engaged in the land development process, including land registries, surveyors, architects, developers, planners, real estate agents, local governments, and owners’ corporations
Digital 3D LIS architectures can provide important information for different aspects of land and property management. They represent the spatial extent of ownership boundaries in the third dimension of height where layered and stratified ownerships exist. They facilitate the registration of 3D property rights and support land development processes, including issuing of permit plans in dense urban areas, especially for large scale developments, such as bridges and tunnels that cross above or under other developments
Summary
Current cadastral data models and Land Information Systems (LISs) use a 2D land-parcel definition. Digital 3D LIS architectures can provide important information for different aspects of land and property management They represent the spatial extent of ownership boundaries in the third dimension of height where layered and stratified ownerships exist. They facilitate the registration of 3D property rights and support land development processes, including issuing of permit plans in dense urban areas, especially for large scale developments, such as bridges and tunnels that cross above or under other developments. They provide reliable information for decision makers. 3D LISs may be utilised as a basic layer to integrate with other information layers, such as 3D city models (CityGML), Building Information Models, transportation and utility networks and land use controls
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