Technical and Geological review of Carbon dioxide Geo Sequestration along with analysis and study of various Monitoring Techniques

Abstract

Abstract Carbon dioxide emissions are increasing due to the hydrocarbons produced increasingly around the world. Projected emissions of "greenhouse gases", principally carbon dioxide, are predicted to cause significant changes in average global temperature and sea-levels, which could have negative consequences in many parts of the world. Scenarios for stabilizing atmospheric carbon dioxide at reasonable levels will eventually require substantial cuts in overall emissions over the next few decades. One possible solution is to store or "sequester" CO2 emissions in a form where they will not reach the atmosphere. "CO2 Sequestration is a process that utilizes a set of technologies aimed at capturing CO2 emitted from industrial and energy-related sources before it enters the atmosphere, compressing it, and injecting it deep underground in secure geological formations and ensuring it remains stored there indefinitely". Geological sequestration is potential technology that complements two other major approaches for greenhouse gas reduction, namely improving energy efficiency and increasing use of non-carbon energy sources. This option, which lowers the cost of CO2 sequestration by recovering incremental oil, is particularly attractive in mature sedimentary basins. Monitoring of the sequestration process is necessary to confirm the containment of CO2, to assess leakage paths, and to gain understanding of interactions between CO2, the rock-forming minerals, and formation fluids. Recently CO2 monitoring is also used for the purpose of leakage detection and quantification of CO2 stored in reservoirs. The goal of this paper is to gain thorough understanding of the entire geological sequestration process and to realize the various problems associated with the storage and the significance and importance of monitoring the process for effective implementation of technology. This paper will discuss in detail about the technology involved in CO2 geological sequestration process, its reservoir & geological perspectives, the storage problems, various monitoring methods and their applications, techniques for safe injection of CO2,etc. Introduction: Capture of CO2 prior to atmospheric release, and subsequent injection in deep geological formations, is a promising option to reduce the rate of atmospheric CO2 increase. Our work focuses on the fate of the injected CO2 over both short and long time scales, the extent and magnitude of subsurface perturbations associated with the injection, and the potential leakages out of the injection formation of the sequestered CO2 as well as displaced resident fluids such as high-concentration brines. The key driving force behind undertaking CCS is the need to find cost-effective solutions to tackle the global issue of climate change by reducing CO2 emissions in a world where there is a continued and rising demand for energy. Anthropogenic effects on climate can be mitigated through various measures, among them being CO2 sequestration in geological media. Utilization of CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and sequestration processes not only reduces greenhouse emissions but also awards economical benefits. In CO2-EOR the main purpose is to maximize oil recovery with the minimum quantity of CO2 while a maximum amount of CO2 is aimed to store in a sequestration.