Abstract
CD28 and its homolog CTLA-4 share the ability to bind B7 family members and generate crucial regulatory signals for T-cell activation. However, CD28 is expressed on the T-cell surface and enhances T-cell activation, whereas CTLA-4 is not detectable at the protein level in naive cells. Instead, it is upregulated upon T-cell activation and functions to inhibit T-cell proliferation. Furthermore, an intracellular localization motif targets CTLA-4 to the endosomal compartment. The balance between these activating and inhibitory signals can determine the outcome of a T cell's interaction with an antigen-presenting cell (APC). A recent paper has now investigated the trafficking characteristics of CTLA-4 and CD28 to gain insight into how these molecules exert their regulatory function on T-cell activation.
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