Abstract
Several C2 domain-containing proteins play key roles in tumorigenesis, signal transduction, and mediating protein–protein interactions. Tandem C2 domains nuclear protein (TC2N) is a tandem C2 domain-containing protein that is differentially expressed in several types of cancers and is closely associated with tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Notably, TC2N has been identified as an oncogene in lung and gastric cancer but as a tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer. Recently, a large number of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), such as heat shock proteins, alpha-fetoprotein, and carcinoembryonic antigen, have been identified in a variety of malignant tumors. Differences in the expression levels of TAAs between cancer cells and normal cells have led to these antigens being investigated as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and as novel targets in cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the clinical characteristics of TC2N-positive cancers and potential mechanisms of action of TC2N in the occurrence and development of specific cancers. This article provides an exploration of TC2N as a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of different types of cancers.
Highlights
Cancer is an important public health concern worldwide and continues to be of great interest to the scientific community
We summarize recent progress in understanding the role and underlying mechanisms of tandem C2 domains nuclear protein (TC2N) in the occurrence and development of cancer, with a focus on lung cancer, breast cancer, and gastric cancer
2.1.2 Signaling Pathways Influenced by TC2N in Lung Cancer 2.1.2.1 TC2N Inhibits p53 Signaling Pathway in Lung Cancer Hao XL et al [36] proposed that the regulation of cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis by TC2N is dependent on the p53 signaling pathway
Summary
Cancer is an important public health concern worldwide and continues to be of great interest to the scientific community. It is important to explore mechanisms of cancer development to identify new markers for diagnosis and prognosis and to develop effective and novel treatment methods Developments in both fronts will have substantial implications for improving survival rates of cancer patients. Tumor suppressor genes play a critical role in controlling the cell cycle assuring proper proliferation and differentiation [29] Identifying these genes is crucial because targeting them may prevent or treat different types of cancers. A C2 domain-containing protein, DOC2B, plays a tumorsuppressive role in cervical cancer by inhibiting cell proliferation, migration, and invasion [34] Another C2 domaincontaining protein, myoferlin, plays a tumor-enhancing role by promoting metastasis in patients with triple-negative breast cancer [35]. We summarize recent progress in understanding the role and underlying mechanisms of TC2N in the occurrence and development of cancer, with a focus on lung cancer, breast cancer, and gastric cancer
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