Taxonomy of Supernovae

Abstract

AbstractI review the observed properties of supernovae (SNe), concentrating on recent results obtained from high-quality optical spectra. Although most SNe Ia have similar characteristics at comparable phases, there are some notable variations, particularly in the velocities of the ejecta. Moreover, there is very preliminary evidence for significant differences between the spectra of SNe Ia in H II regions and in elliptical galaxies. SNe II exhibit a wide range of spectral properties, as expected if they are produced by massive stars. At late times strong lines of [O I] and [Ca II] appear in most SNe II, including SN 1987A. In some objects, however, these are absent; the spectrum of SN 1987F, for instance, closely resembled that of a Seyfert 1 nucleus, with prominent H I and Fe II emission lines. Type Ib SNe, which lack the 6150Â absorption band typical of SNe la near maximum brightness, develop strong emission lines of [O I] and [Ca II] many months past maximum, but hydrogen is absent. Hα emission with a P-Cygni profile has, on the other hand, been detected in the early-time spectrum of SN 1987K, an object which later became spectroscopically indistinguishable from an old SN Ib. There is evidence for very weak Hα in the early spectra of several additional SNe Ib. Moreover, 7 – 8 months past maximum the [O I]/Hα and [Ca II]/Hα intensity ratios in SN 1987A were higher than in a few other well-observed SNe II at corresponding times. Hence, Type II and Type Ib SNe may form a continuous sequence in which the mass of the hydrogen envelope is the main variable.