Abstract
The acquisition of psychomotor skills in surgery is the central component of medical residency programs in General Surgery and Specialties. Making learning more effective is a cornerstone of educational processes. This article portrays aspects of educational taxonomies and learning theories that may be involved in the training of surgery. Among the many taxonomies and educational theories applicable to learning in surgery, the following stand out: 1) Dave's taxonomy- Hierarchy to actions that facilitate the acquisition of psychomotor skills; 2) Miller's theory- Step-by-step definition that facilitates acquisition; 3) Ericsson's theory- Competence after repetition of the practice followed by systematic reinforcement; 4) Vigotsky's theory- Definition of the role of the specialist in learning; and 5) Theory of Boud, Schon and Ende- Importance of feedback for students and teachers. Knowledge of these tools by teachers and preceptors can facilitate learning in surgery, especially in more complex activities.
Highlights
The current surgeons training model in the Western world was proposed and implemented by William Halsted at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, in 1889, in the United States
The initial model introduced the concept of medical residency based on the German experience of training for surgeons
This training model was adopted in the United States and throughout America[1,2]
Summary
The current surgeons training model in the Western world was proposed and implemented by William Halsted at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, in 1889, in the United States. The initial model introduced the concept of medical residency based on the German experience of training for surgeons Over time, this training model was adopted in the United States and throughout America[1,2]. It was evident that these maneuvers were difficult to perform, being considered as maneuvers of high complexity[9,11] To overcome this difficulty, some training models for performing knots, stitches and intracorporeal sutures in laparoscopic operations were proposed and applied[10,12]. In Europe, the European Society of Endoscopic Surgery has implemented a training program for surgeons and residents called Laparoscopic Surgical Skills (LSS). The central objectives of this article are the need to understand in which aspects the taxonomy of the educational objectives are based and the educational learning theories applicable to the training models in surgical procedures
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