Abstract
Nematodes are Earth’s most numerous multicellular animals and include species that feed on bacteria, fungi, plants, insects, and animals. Foliar nematodes are mostly pathogens of ornamental crops in greenhouses, nurseries, forest trees, and field crops. Nematode identification has traditionally relied on morphological and anatomical characters using light microscopy and, in some cases, scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This review focuses on morphometrical and brief molecular details and key characteristics of some of the most widely distributed and economically important foliar nematodes that can aid in their identification. Aphelenchoides genus includes some of the most widely distributed nematodes that can cause crop damages and losses to agricultural, horticultural, and forestry crops. Morphological details of the most common species of Aphelenchoides (A. besseyi, A. bicaudatus, A. fragariae, A. ritzemabosi) are given with brief molecular details, including distribution, identification, conclusion, and future directions, as well as an updated list of the nominal species with its synonyms. Litylenchus is a relatively new genus described in 2011 and includes two species and one subspecies. Species included in the Litylenchus are important emerging foliar pathogens parasitizing trees and bushes, especially beech trees in the United States of America. Brief morphological details of all Litylenchus species are provided.
Highlights
Foliar nematodes are mostly pathogens of ornamental crops in greenhouses, nurseries, and forest trees, as well as field crops [1]
The damage caused by the foliar nematodes can cause marketability problems in ornamentals because they interfere with the appearance of the plant or they can reduce yield in food crops [2]
Lack of obese females with a spiral form in Anguina and Nothanguina and lack of semi-obese females in Ditylenchus; Stylet of Litylenchus genus is more robust and the stylet knobs are rounded compared to Ditylenchus; Excretory pore situated posterior to nerve ring; Tails of Litylenchus genus are conoid rather than elongate conoid to filiform in Ditylenchus, and elongate conoid in Nothotylenchus gen.; Males have a shorter bursa compared to those of Nothotylenchus gen
Summary
Foliar nematodes are mostly pathogens of ornamental crops in greenhouses, nurseries, and forest trees, as well as field crops [1]. Foliar nematodes include several nematode genera among which. Foliar nematodes have been documented as associated with more than 1100 different species of plants, belonging to 126 botanical families, to include dicots, monocots, gymnosperms and angiosperms, ferns and mosses [2]. Aphelenchoides, as well as nematodes of genus Litylenchus, are phytoparasites known to infect leaves, stems, and buds [3]. The damage caused by the foliar nematodes can cause marketability problems in ornamentals because they interfere with the appearance of the plant or they can reduce yield in food crops [2]
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