Abstract
The genus Lactarius Pers. (Russulales) is a cosmopolitan group of Basidiomycota that forms ectomycorrhizal relationships primarily with both deciduous and coniferous trees. Although the genus has been well-studied in Europe and North America, only fragmentary researches have been carried out on Asian species. In particular, the distribution of Lactarius species in South Korea is poorly understood due to insufficient morphological descriptions and a lack of DNA sequence data. In addition, the misuse of European and North American names has added to confusion regarding the taxonomy of Asian Lactarius species. In this study, the diversity of Lactarius in South Korea was evaluated by employing both morphological and phylogenetic approaches. A multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of 729 Lactarius specimens collected between 1960 and 2017 was performed using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, partial nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nrLSU), partial second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2), and minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (mcm7). 49 Lactarius species were identified in three Lactarius subgenera: L. subg. Russularia (17 spp.), L. subg. Lactarius (22 spp.), and L. subg. Plinthogalus (10 spp.). Among them, 28 Lactarius species were identified as new to science, while just 17 were previously described Lactarius species. Four of the taxa remain un-named due to paucity of materials. A key to Korean Lactarius species, molecular phylogenies, a summary of diversity, and detailed description are provided.
Highlights
Lactarius Pers. is a well known ectomycorrhizal genus that is characterized by the presence of latex (Persoon 1797), the common name milkcaps
The misuse of European and North American names has added to confusion regarding the taxonomy of Asian Lactarius species
A total of 729 Lactarius specimens were obtained from five herbaria in South Korea: Seoul National University (SFC), Kangwon National University (TPML), National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (HCCN), National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), and Korea National Arboretum (KA)
Summary
Lactarius Pers. is a well known ectomycorrhizal genus that is characterized by the presence of latex (Persoon 1797), the common name milkcaps. Lactarius species are distributed in all terrestrial ecosystems (Hesler and Smith 1979; Montoya and Bandala 1996, 2003; Heilmann-Clausen et al 1998; Basso 1999; Verbeken and Horak 1999, 2000; Verbeken et al 2002; Nuytinck et al 2006; Le et al 2007a, b; YaminPasternak 2008; Verbeken and Walleyn 2010; Wisitrassameewong et al 2014a, b, 2015, 2016; Wang 2016, 2017a, b, 2018; Das et al 2017, Herrera et al 2018; Fungal Diversity (2019) 95:275–335. While most milkcaps are edible and popular as food in certain areas (e.g. L. deliciosus (L.) Gray, L. indigo (Schwein.) Fr., and L. sanguifluus (Paulet) Fr.) (Singer 1986; Sanmee et al 2003), others produce mutagenic compounds (e.g. L. helvus (Fr.) Fr. and L. necator (Bull.) Pers.) (Von Wright et al 1982; Suortti et al 1983)
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