Tautomeric populations of the charged species of 1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane (SpmTrien) studied with computer simulations and cluster expansions

Abstract

Correct net charge and protonation pattern in the polyamine backbone is one of the major factors that define the interactions of this class of compounds. 1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane (SpmTrien) is a isosteric charge deficient analogue of naturally occurring spermine (Spm) with different biological features. The tautomeric populations of each SpmTrien charge state were estimated with computer simulations, molecular dynamics (MD) and quantum mechanical calculations, and cluster expansions separately. In the computer simulations, tautomeric populations of each charge state were obtained by constrained least-squares fitting the theoretically calculated (GIAO B3LYP/6-311 + G**) 15 N NMR chemical shieldings of SpmTrien tautomers to the experimentally measured chemical shifts. Theoretical chemical shieldings were calculated for water complexes of SpmTrien obtained from MD simulations in explicit water. Both methods gave highly similar realistic results. SpmTrien has many major populations of tautomers at biologically relevant charge states of three (+3) and four (+4) thus enabling a large variety of structures for specific ionic interactions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.