Abstract
The persistence of traditional tattoo inks presents an advantage for continuous and long-term health monitoring in point of care devices. The replacement of tattoo pigments with optical biosensors aims a promising alternative for monitoring blood biomarkers. Tattoo inks functionalization enables the control of interstitial biomarkers with correlated concentrations in plasma, to diagnose diseases, evaluate progression, and prevent complications associated with physio pathological disorders or medication mismatches. The specific biomarkers in interstitial fluid provide a new source of information, especially for skin diseases. The study of tattoo inks displays insufficient regulation in their composition, a lack of reports of the related complications, and a need for further studies on their degradation kinetics. This review focuses on tattoo optical biosensors for monitoring dermal interstitial biomarkers and discusses the clinical advantages and main challenges for in vivo implantation. Tattoo functionalization provides a minimally invasive, reversible, biocompatible, real-time sensing with long-term permanence and multiplexing capabilities for the control, diagnosis, and prevention of illness; it enables self-controlling management by the patient, but also the possibility of sending the records to the doctor.
Highlights
The persistence of traditional tattoo inks presents an advantage for developed extensively in different fields, including therapeutics, environment, and continuous and long-term health monitoring in point of care devices
SP-ICP-MS provides the percentage of particles
The results provide a limit of analyte detection at 0. 1 μM, below the EU specified maximum value, the sensitivity of these tattoos is lower than other alternatives
Summary
Polycyclic compounds which are composed of linked aromatic rings (except for triphenylmethane) possessing a chromophore through conjugated pi-bonding systems.[25,32] Carbon black pigments result from the partial burning of heavy petroleum compounds, they usually contains PAHs impurities.[25] Inorganic pigments often contain heavy metals impurities (Ni, Cr, Cu, and Co) from iron oxides while organic pigments contain less impurities being the mercury salts, cadmium salts, chromium oxide, and cobalt oxides the main sensitizing components Modern inks reduced their content on these substances but still maintaining other impurities.[33] The primary metals found in tattoo inks were Al, Cu, Fe, and Ti.[28,33,34] In a sample of 56 inks, allergenic metals like Cr and Ni surpassed the maximum of 1 ppm in 62.5% and 16.1% of the inks, respectively (Figure 2B),[34] as well as, other toxic elements like Cd, Mn, Pb, Sb, and V.
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