Tarsal contact chemoreceptor for the host marking pheromone of the cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi: responses to natural and synthetic compounds

Abstract

Abstract. The European cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cerasi L.; Diptera, Tephritidae) marks cherries (Prunus avium L.) after oviposition with a host marking pheromone (HMP). The marking trail prevents additional oviposition by the same or other females into the same fruit. On the ventral side of the tarsi of both sexes, contact‐chemoreceptor sensilla were identified which contain a receptor cell selectively sensitive to HMP. The HMP receptors of males were slightly more sensitive than those of females, suggesting that the more general term ‘host‐marking pheromone’ is more appropriate than the previously used ‘oviposition deterring pheromone (ODP)’.The four structural isomers of the HMP, N(15R, S(β‐glucopyranosyl)‐oxy‐8RS‐hydroxypalmitoyl)‐taurine, and various derivatives were synthesized and tested in an electrophysiological bioassay. Both the 8R,15R and the 8S,15RS isomers of the HMP were equally active with a threshold of about 2 times 10‐10M, and were shown to be present in the female faeces in similar proportions. The two 15S HMP isomers were about 13 times less active.Testing synthetic derivatives of the HMP molecule revealed that the presence of the four moieties of the molecule are important for the activity: taurine, palmitic acid, C(8) hydroxyl group, and glucose (C(15)). The chain length of the fatty acid, the hydroxyl group at C(8) and the position of glucose at C(15) also influenced the activity. Only minor loss of activity (factor 2) relative to the natural molecule was observed when the methyl group in the C(15) position was removed. The removal of the β‐glycosidically linked glucose (replaced by a hydroxyl group) resulted in about a 4‐fold loss of activity. The cation of the HMP molecule seemed to have no effect on its activity, whereas both low and high pH reduced it significantly.Based on these results, field experiments have been initiated to control oviposition by cherry fruit flies on cherries applying the 15‐desmethyl‐HMP derivative.