Abstract
A number of laser facilities coming online all over the world promise the capability of high-power laser experiments with shot repetition rates between 1 and 10 Hz. Target availability and technical issues related to the interaction environment could become a bottleneck for the exploitation of such facilities. In this paper, we report on target needs for three different classes of experiments: dynamic compression physics, electron transport and isochoric heating, and laser-driven particle and radiation sources. We also review some of the most challenging issues in target fabrication and high repetition rate operation. Finally, we discuss current target supply strategies and future perspectives to establish a sustainable target provision infrastructure for advanced laser facilities.
Highlights
Targets are one of the pillars of high-power laser experiments together with the laser facility, diagnostics, and theoretical and numerical tools
The substantial separation required to prevent fratricide of adjacent targets might recommend the linked single-target-holder concept proposed by General Atomics, and automated mounting of targets diced from wafers onto larger arrays of spaced out targets
Precautions to mitigate collateral effects of electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) include, for example: using shielded cables; shielding electronic devices, even though a complete shielding would be required to insulate a component from the interaction region; avoiding the formation of loops in cables and electronic devices, which could act as efficient receiving antennas; using insulating feedthroughs, which is only useful when the unwanted current flow along the cable and electronic devices in the target chamber is lower than the predicted current coming from the vacuum chamber wall; appropriate choice of device positions inside and outside the target chamber in order to minimize exposition to direct radiation[145, 146]
Summary
Targets are one of the pillars of high-power laser experiments together with the laser facility, diagnostics, and theoretical and numerical tools. Tens to hundreds of targets are required to support each experimental campaign, since they are usually destroyed in the interaction with the laser pulse The demand for such targets will be boosted in the near future by a number of new high-throughput pan-European advanced laser facilities. A number of technological issues will be raised or enhanced by high repetition rate experiments, for example: fast target refreshing, positioning and alignment; real time target characterization and sorting; target debris shielding of laser optics; target cleaning, target chamber nuclear activation, and gas and heat loading of the target chamber. The severity of these issues depends on laser properties, which differ for each class of experiments.
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