Abstract
Applying a semi-recursive multibody approach enables the solution of the equations of motion of a complex system in real time. This makes it possible to conduct human-in-loop simulations and analyse the user experience. The idea of recognizing the user experience to produce more efficient, competitive, and user-friendly products has been limited thus far to the field of information technology and the development of light physical products. This study introduces a simulation modelling procedure for a complex forklift mast system that can be used to help analyse the user experience. A multibody forklift model is introduced that includes the electric motors, a pump, a freelift, a mainlift and tilt cylinders, actuators, pulley and chain mechanisms, contacts, and tyres. The viscoelastic behaviour of the chain during longitudinal and transverse movement is simulated using a discrete model approach. Triplex mast speeds and hydraulic system efficiencies across working cycles are used to verify the performance of the introduced real-time simulation model against measurements taken from an equivalent reference forklift. To better evaluate the developed model, experienced and inexperienced forklift drivers were asked to drive an updated simulator and provide feedback. User experience inputs that can be made available early on in development using this new modelling approach will permit experts to evaluate and design more efficient complex mechanical systems.
Highlights
Applying a semi-recursive multibody approach enables the solution of the equations of motion of a complex system in real time
Smart product development and product service systems emphasize design for mass personalization (DFMP), which is based on the identification and implementation of the user experience (UX) in the early phases of research and development (R&D).[1,2]
Previous studies have indicated that a UX-based product development approach for mass personalization has been applied to the development of information technology (IT) services and light and small products.[1,4,5]
Summary
Applying a semi-recursive multibody approach enables the solution of the equations of motion of a complex system in real time. It offers higher computational efficiency than finite element methods, making it suitable for real-time simulation applications.[30,31] The LuGre model can be described by considering the tyre and ground as rigid bodies.
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