Targeting the monocarboxylate transporter MCT2 and lactate dehydrogenase A LDHA in cancer cells with FX-11 and AR-C155858 inhibitors.

Abstract

In 1930, Otto Warburg reported that "aerobic glycolysis" is the intrinsic property of all tumor cells' fermentation of glucose to L-Lactate by lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) activity. This only produces per mole of glucose two moles of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), compared with 32 moles of ATP in a normal cell. Thus, tumor cells have to uptake 30 folds more glucose, the resulting accumulated lactate are then transported by a monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) with the participation of a CD147 molecule. Inhibition of MCT1 by RNA interference (RNAi) disrupted the unique metabolism of the tumor and caused tumor cell death. However, the effectiveness of the strategies depends on the targeted delivery of the therapeutics. In this study, a synergistic approach was used to target LDHA and MCT1 with small molecule inhibitors FX11 and AR-C155858, respectively. Cell cytotoxicity assays (AlamarBlue assay), and Mitochondria Membrane Potential (JC-1) dye assays were performed on human breast cancer cells MCF-7 and colorectal cancer cells HCT116. To achieve this aim, the following objectives were proposed: the effect of metabolic inhibitors on tumor glycolytic metabolite environment, and the efficacy of metabolite inhibitors on human breast and colorectal cancer cells in vitro. Then, gene expression analysis was performed using Qiagen RT2 Profiler PCR array for apoptosis. All these assays were performed on human breast cancer cells MCF-7 and colorectal cancer cells HCT116. Normal human fibroblasts were used as control cells under normal and hypoxic culture conditions. In this study, the use of FX-11 inhibitors under normoxia or hypoxia in two or more cancer and normal cell lines has a direct effect on LDHA, whereby it inhibits its production, and this reduces the growth and cell proliferation of tumors. One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that using AR-C155858 inhibitor alone has increased the cell proliferation and showed no significant changes compared with the control. The other major finding was that combination of the two inhibitors, FX-11 and AR-C155858, under normoxia or hypoxia in two different cell lines MCF-7 and HCT-116 measured a decrease in the cells proliferative and red/green ratio. We successfully demonstrated that a combination of MCT1 inhibitor and LDHA inhibitor led to better outcomes. Indeed, this makes LDHA an ideal metabolic therapeutic target.