Abstract
Infectious disease caused by pathogenic bacteria continues to be the primary challenge to humanity. Antimicrobial resistance and microbial biofilm formation in part, lead to treatment failures. The formation of biofilms by nosocomial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) on medical devices and on the surfaces of infected sites bring additional hurdles to existing therapies. In this review, we discuss the challenges encountered by conventional treatment strategies in the clinic. We also provide updates on current on-going research related to the development of novel anti-biofilm technologies. We intend for this review to provide understanding to readers on the current problem in health-care settings and propose new ideas for new intervention strategies to reduce the burden related to microbial infections.
Highlights
Infectious disease caused by pathogenic bacteria continues to be the primary challenge to humanity
Resistance towards colistin was recently reported, showed that the bacteria are capable of evading all types of available antibiotics, leaving no drugs left for the treatment [32]
Success of Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in both antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities are collectively due to several characteristics namely: (i) rapid bactericidal effects; (ii) high plasticity in different microenvironments; (iii) good penetration into the matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS); (iv) anti-quorum sensing; (v) host response modulator; and (vi) synergistic effects with other conventional and unconventional antimicrobial compounds [155]
Summary
Bacterial infections remain a threat to human health despite the progress made in improving the quality of health care, and continuous development of antibiotics and vaccines to control disease. Among the leading bacteria that cause the HAI is Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), Acinetobacter baumanii, Clostridium difficile, and Enterococci [8,9]. The ability of these bacteria to form biofilms at the infected site or on medical devices has been increasingly recognized as one of the factors causing failure in the treatment of HAI, with biofilms estimated to contribute to approximately half of HAI [8,10]. These characteristics allow this organism to remain an important pathogen
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