Abstract
In this paper, we apply the novel Fuzzy First-Order Dominance (F-FOD) methodology to rank migrant subpopulations in Lombardy (Italy), in terms of multidimensional poverty and social fragility, for the year 2014, with the purpose to possibly provide useful support to policy-makers, in targeting relief interventions from poverty and discomfort. The F-FOD methodology allows for the direct comparison of different distributions of poverty and fragility, assessed by means of suitable ordinal multi-indicator systems, so extending to this more complex setting, the usual univariate first-order dominance criterion. It also provides complimentary “incomparability” scores, to assess to what extent the final rankings are reliable or instead forcing. It turns out that the levels of poverty and fragility of migrant subpopulations are quite different and, in particular, that the time since migrations has a key impact, on the identification of most critical cases, which typically involve recently migrated people. Evidence also emerges that the temporal poverty/fragility trajectories of migrants, distinguished by country of origin, follow different paths, suggesting how policy interventions must be properly, and differently, tuned to be effective.
Highlights
In a recent paper by Arcagni et al (2019), multidimensional poverty and social fragility of migrants’ families in Lombardy (Italy) have been thoroughly explored, revealing a quite complex pattern in the levels and shapes of their social conditions
The Fuzzy FirstOrder Dominance (F-FOD) procedure extends the classical univariate stochastic first-order dominance criterion, to the multidimensional ordinal setting, typical of social evaluation studies, and meets the need for more suitable poverty measurement tools; in particular, it helps overcoming the classical approaches based on monetary poverty lines, in particular when focusing on foreigners (Arcagni et al 2019; di Belgiojoso et al 2009; Busetta 2016; Lemmi et al 2013)
Almost all the migrant groups most recently arrived (0–2 years since migration) are on top of the rankings of both poverty and fragility: as for poverty, except for Latin Americans, Ukrainians and Moldovan and Romanians, migrants with the lowest length of stay account for 4.2% of total population; as for fragility, disregarding Chinese, they account for 5.0% of population
Summary
In a recent paper by Arcagni et al (2019), multidimensional poverty and social fragility of migrants’ families in Lombardy (Italy) have been thoroughly explored, revealing a quite complex pattern in the levels and shapes of their social conditions. This way, the dimensionality reduction step is “postponed” to the end the statistical process, making F-FOD inherently more “information and complexity preserving” than procedures passing through the evaluation of poverty or fragility at individual level In this respect, the F-FOD procedure extends the classical univariate stochastic first-order dominance criterion, to the multidimensional ordinal setting, typical of social evaluation studies, and meets the need for more suitable poverty measurement tools; in particular, it helps overcoming the classical approaches based on monetary poverty lines, in particular when focusing on foreigners (Arcagni et al 2019; di Belgiojoso et al 2009; Busetta 2016; Lemmi et al 2013). A common thread among most of these proposals is the acknowledgement that poverty is a complex multidimensional trait, which cannot be assessed just in monetary terms
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