Targeting novel sites: The N-terminal DNA binding domain of non-LTR retrotransposons is an adaptable module that is implicated in changing site specificities.

Abstract

Restriction-like endonuclease (RLE) bearing non-LTR retrotransposons are site-specific elements that integrate into the genome through target primed reverse transcription (TPRT). RLE-bearing elements have been used as a model system for investigating non-LTR retrotransposon integration. R2 elements target a specific site in the 28S rDNA gene. We previously demonstrated that the two major sub-classes of R2 (R2-A and R2-D) target the R2 insertion site in an opposing manner with regard to the pairing of known DNA binding domains and bound sequences-indicating that the A- and D-clades represent independently derived modes of targeting that site. Elements have been discovered that group phylogenetically with R2 but do not target the canonical R2 site. Here we extend our earlier studies to show that a separate R2-A clade element, which targets a site other than the canonical R2 site, does so by using the N-terminal zinc fingers and Myb motifs. We further extend our targeting studies beyond R2 clade elements by investigating the ability of the N-terminal zinc fingers from the nematode NeSL-1 element to target its integration site. Our data are consistent with the use of an N-terminal DNA binding domain as one of the major targeting determinants used by RLE-bearing non-LTR retrotransposons to secure a protein subunit near the insertion site. This N-terminal DNA binding domain can undergo modifications, allowing the element to target novel sites. The binding orientation of the N-terminal domain relative to the insertion site is quite variable.