Targeting drugs to APJ receptor: From signaling to pathophysiological effects.

Abstract

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are recognized as the largest protein receptor superfamily, which are widely distributed in various tissues and organs. In addition, GPCRs are involved in many physiological and pathological longitudinal responses. Studies have indicated that putative receptor protein related to AT1 (APJ receptor) is an orphan GPCRs until its endogenous ligand apelin is found. Recently, Elabela, a new APJ receptor endogenous ligand was also found. Some evidence showed that the APJ receptor is distributed in the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. Moreover, the APJ receptor and its ligand are involved in many physiological functions and pathophysiological effects, making it a promising drug target for future treatment of diseases such as ischemic heart disease, hypertension, heart failure, and others. Although APJ is closely associated with many diseases, there are no drugs that can activate or inhibit APJ directly. In the current review, we try our best to summarize all agonists and antagonists targeting APJ, including peptides and small molecules. Given the role of apelin/APJ and Elabela/APJ in cardiovascular and other diseases, we believe that the combination of these agonists and antagonists with apelin and Elabela will play a corresponding role in various pathophysiological effects with further development of research.