Abstract
Aging is a pivotal risk factor for developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) due to the lifelong exposure to various risk factors that may affect the heart and vasculature during aging. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a serine/threonine protein kinase, is a pivotal endogenous energy regulator that protects against various pathological alterations. In this report, we first introduced the protective mechanisms of AMPK signaling in myocardium, such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, autophagy and inflammatory response. Next, we introduced the potential correlation between AMPK and cardiac aging. Then, we highlighted the roles of AMPK signaling in cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial ischemia, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. Lastly, some potential directions and further perspectives were expanded. The information extends our understanding on the protective roles of AMPK in myocardial aging, which may contribute to the design of drug targets and sheds light on potential treatments of AMPK for aging-related CVD.
Highlights
Over the past decades, the human life expectancy has been greatly prolonged due to the improvement of medical and health conditions leading to a high prevalence of agingrelated diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cerebrovascular disease, cancer, et al [1]
In 1995, it was found that AMPactivated protein kinase (AMPK) was activated during myocardial ischemic reperfusion (MIR), which is associated with high rates of fatty acid oxidation [6]
Li and colleagues observed that fasting induces AMPK-FoxO3a phosphorylation is significantly reduced in the aged heart which leads to the decline of CARM1 and impairment of the autophagy flux [46]
Summary
The human life expectancy has been greatly prolonged due to the improvement of medical and health conditions leading to a high prevalence of agingrelated diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cerebrovascular disease, cancer, et al [1]. In 1995, it was found that AMPactivated protein kinase (AMPK) was activated during myocardial ischemic reperfusion (MIR), which is associated with high rates of fatty acid oxidation [6]. Sambandam et al found that AMPK promotes glucose uptake, glycolysis, and fatty acid oxidation during MIR [7]. AMPK and cardiac aging myocardial ischemic injury. Accumulating evidence has suggested that the activation of AMPK may confer cardioprotection in aging heart, which is the pathological alteration and terminal stage of CVD. Compelling evidence has indicated that activated AMPK ameliorates myocardial ischemiareperfusion injury (IRI) [8,9,10].
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