Abstract
Native to China, spine grapes (Vitis davidii Foex) are an important wild grape species. Here, the quality characteristics of one white and three red spine grape clones were evaluated via targeted metabolomic and transcription level analysis. Xiangzhenzhu (XZZ) had the highest soluble sugar and organic acid content. Malvidin-3-acetyl-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside were the characteristic anthocyanins in spine grapes, and significant differences in anthocyanin composition between different clones were detected. Anthocyanins were not detected in Baiyu (BY) grapes. The transcript levels of VdGST, VdF3′H, VdOMT, VdLDOX, and VdUFGT were significantly related to the anthocyanin biosynthesis and proportions. A total of 27 kinds of glycosidically bound volatiles (including alcohols, monoterpenes, esters, aldehydes, ketones, and phenolic acid) were identified in spine grapes, with Gaoshan #4 (G4) and BY grapes having the highest concentrations. The VdGT expression levels were closely related to glycosidically bound volatile concentrations. These results increase our understanding of the quality of wild spine grapes and further promote the development and use of wild grape resources.
Highlights
Spine grapes (Vitis davidii Foex) are native to China and belong to the East Asian Vitis spp
The higher total anthocyanin contents were found in spine grapes (20 g/kg–33 g/kg) than Cabernet Sauvignon grapes (12 g/kg–16 g/kg) [17,25]
The anthocyanin content and related gene expression levels were the most significant among the four varieties, especially malvidin-3-acetyl-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside. These results further indicate that the characteristic anthocyanins in spine grapes were malvidin-3-acetyl-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside, which is different from Vitis vinifera grapes [4,17]
Summary
Spine grapes (Vitis davidii Foex) are native to China and belong to the East Asian Vitis spp. They are so named because the canes are densely covered with 1–2 mm thorns [1]. Spine grapes are mainly found in the Yangtze River Basin and Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau in South China, including Yunnan, Jiangxi, Hunan, and Chongqing Provinces [2,3]. Researchers have discovered many kinds of wild spine grapes, mainly red grapes, as well as a few white mutants. Spine grapes are rich in phenolics and have strong antioxidant power [5,6]. As a good source of phenolics and free aromatics, spine grapes have been cultivated widely in South China. Unlike V. vinifera grapes, spine grapes are mostly consumed as fresh fruits, so there are good commercial prospects for the development and use of spine grapes
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